There are also some specific legislation in many countries that have provisions for the above-ground parts, called, e.g., condominium (e.g., Uniform common Interest Ownership Act of the United States Land Transfer Act of New Zealand), Strata title (e.g., Building Units and Group Titles Act and Subdivision Act of Queensland and Victoria, Australia), apartment rights (Swedish Land Code, Swedish Real Property Formation Act), Horizontal ownership (Horizontal Property Law in Greece), which allow vertical segmentation of real property.
HISTORIC METRO LINE M1 CODE
Civil codes in many countries have prescribed the vertical extent of property ownership, intending to keep space for real property stratification (e.g., German Civil Code Dutch Civil Code Greek Civil Code). In terms of UUS property rights, the basic two principles of "Superficies solo cedit" (that the attached buildings or constructions on land become part of the land) and "Cuius est solum, eius est usque ad caelum et ad inferos" (who owns the land, owns extending from upwards to downwards) both in Civil and Common Law jurisdictions, have not always been compatible with the practical concerns. In the authors’ opinion, the applied methodology may also be used in various legal systems. It could be the foundation for building a future 3D cadastral model in Poland. The authors propose that these new diagrams are added to the current cadastral model. The relationships among new 3D cadastral objects and objects of traditional cadastre are presented in three new diagrams. Objects such as ‘Building Common Part 3D’ and ‘Building Part of Non-Extracted Premises 3D’ are proposed. Although the first two have been defined in earlier publications, this paper defines ‘Premises 3D’. The UML model is built to supplement the application scheme of the traditional cadastral model with three new objects that are the equivalents of the main cadastral objects in 3D: ‘Cadastral Parcel 3D’, ‘Building Legal Space 3D’ and ‘Premises 3D’. Their relationships with other cadastral objects are compared and analysed in this paper. These objects-cadastral parcels, buildings and (independent) premises-are essentially 2D objects. Its main part is the UML application schema that defines relationships between the main cadastral objects in sixteen diagrams. The UML model of a land and building cadastre is defined in current Polish legal regulations.
HISTORIC METRO LINE M1 UPGRADE
The proposed framework outlines the future research directions to upgrade underground land administration using integrated 3D digital approaches. To address these challenges, the authors of this study propose a new framework for 3D underground land administration. A range of important challenges have been identified based on the current research and practice. This study provides a review of underground land administration from three common aspects: legal, institutional, and technical. This inefficient and fragmented 2D-based underground data management and communication results in several issues including boundary disputes, underground strikes, delays and disruptions in projects, economic losses, and urban planning issues. The current practice of underground land administration focuses on the ownership of underground space and mostly relies on 2D survey plans. In some jurisdictions, physical structures (e.g., walls, ceilings, and utilities) are also necessary to delineate the ownership extent of underground assets. From a land administration perspective, the ownership extent of underground assets is essential for planning and managing underground areas. Effective underground land administration is critical for sustainable urban development. The development and use of underground space is a necessity for most cities in response to rapid urbanisation.
0 kommentar(er)
